EDITING
Editing is the process of looking at all the footage shot during the making of film/TV programme and placing it in the desired order and joining it together. There are two key areas when concentrating on editing these are;
- Speed of editing- How long it lasts?
- Style of editing - How each shot is joined next ?
SPEED OF EDITING
In a film each scene may last a matter of seconds, or it could continue for a number of minute's. The importance of the length of the sequence is to establish the pace of the film moving the action along. The speed of editing helps to determine the mood in which is taking place on the screen. In one account in order to feel a sense of anxiety ans suspense the editing will be fast and frequent in an action sequence for example a horror movie. On the other hand, if a relaxed mood is desired , the scenes last longer and change less frequently for example a romantic comedy.
Scenes at the beginning of a film usually are start off of the storyline, must be long enough for us to be able to understand where we are and what is going on . It also shown in a slow motion at times to introduce the main characters. As the film progresses scenes may become shorter as the editing cuts between timing two or more story lines at the same time.
STYLES OF EDITING
These styles of editing show how shots are linked together, the movement in which one shot goes to the next this is called a transition
STRAIGHT CUT
A straight cut is when a picture and sound are cut at the same frame as of opposed to an overlap where a picture and sound are cut at different times., This shot allows on shot to end an another shot to abruptly come onto the screen. this cut removes the unnecessary areas in the film or shortens the original film to save time in certain areas instantaneously moving one shot to the next without attracting the audience attention. This is most commonly known as the "invisible" form of transition.This cut helps retain reality, the don't break the viewers suspension of disbelief . This type of cut is clearly shown in the batman movie (1989). This sequence shows batman suited up clicking together a belt in which a straight cut is clearly established as if it showed batman actually suiting up it would represent the individuals elements of the uniform like the boots each individual arm and leg. This would make the sequence extremely time consuming, and draw the audience away from the point of the film. Therefore in order to keep the audience drawn its important to show the relevant areas in the sequence, in the case of this sequence batman coming out of a volt doing his belt up which represents his logo shows who he is and that his ready to par take in his next source of action.
DISSOLVE CUT
A dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. A dissolve is normally used to overlap two shots for the beginning of one scene onto the next. In some sense it can be considered a good use for the indication that a period of time has passed.More so this is famously used when the film makes wants to make a connection between two characters , places or objects An example of this is used in the clip below;
GRAPHIC MATCH
A graphic match is an editing technique that that uses a continuous transition between two successive shots. A graphic match is used to create a cut between two shots that juxtapose their graphically similar images. This cut can establish a link between the shots graphically, aesthetically and metaphorically. An example of this is clearly established in the film psycho, in the famous scene the shower scene when Janet Leigh on the floor. The eye line match is differentiated between the eye and the plughole of the shower,this is due to the eye and plug hole being of similar sizes and shapes and therefore can go into each other.
WIPE CUT
A wipe cut is a type of film transition in which a shot is simply replaced when one shot travels from one side to the other.If the wipe proceeds from two opposite edges of the screen towards the centre, this is known as a barn door wipe.With a wipe cut it is more common that the image is pushed off the left-hand side as this movement is more consistent which allows the sense that time is moving forward.This cut is used to signal a movement between different locations that are experiencing the same time.
FADE
A fade is used to create a gradual darkening or lighting of an image until it becomes black or white. This will include one shot fading until only a black or white screen can be seen.This is most commonly used to indicate he end of a particular section of time within the narrative more so showing a the passing of time. For example this is used extensively throughout the star wars films.
JUMP CUT
A jump cut is when the audiences attention is brought into focus on something very suddenly, this occurs by breaking the continuity editing and appears as if the section of the sequence has been removed
MONTAGE THEORY
ONE IMAGE + VARIOUS IMAGES = MEANING (CREATED BY THE AUDIENCE)
AN EXAMPLE = PSYCHO = MEANING
Lev keleshov was a theorist that believed that editing a film was like constructing a building brick - by - brick ( shot- by -shot) in which the building (film) is erected . He created an experiment that proved his point. He took apart an old film and a head shot and inter - cut the shot with different images. This is famously shown within the film psycho as Hitchcock portrays the image that Janet Leigh is being hacked to death when in fact it just shows a knife her scream and her falling .. the idea of her death is down to the mind of the audience the illusionary pictures create the image that she pouring with blood and being hacked to death. This improved to overall view of thriller/ horror films due to the perception.
CONTINUITY EDITING
Continuity editing retains a sense of realistic chronology and generates the feeling that time is moving forward. This may include using flashbacks or flash forwards but the narrative will still be seen to be progressing forward in an expected realistic way.
EYE-LINE MATCH
We see a character looking at something off screen and then we cut the shot and then see them continue in in the next shot.This is based on a premise that audience will want to see what the character on screen is seeing.
We see a character start an action in one shot and then see them continue in the next.
180 DEGREE RULE
The 180 degree rule is a basic guideline that states that two characters (or other element) in the same scene should always have the same left /right angle relationship to each other. This means that if the last shot was on the left hand side it would start on the right hand side as going back to left in the next shot will look like they just walked back on themselves.
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